John Deere’s Next-Generation Tractors

When John Deere debuted what the company called the “Next Generation of Tractors” in 1960, the transition from the long-stroke, two-cylinder tractors were dramatic in the extreme. When the Generation II tractors debuted in August 1972, it wasn’t quite so dramatic, but a big leap ahead in many ways. As it did in 1960, the debut would keep John Deere at the forefront of tractor sales and technology for many years to come.

Probably the most notable and noted change in the Gen II tractors was the Sound-Gard cab. Not only did it offer unparalleled noise protection and comfort, it offered rollover protection never before seen in a stylish, comfort-oriented cab. The cab was fully isolated from the tractor on four hefty rubber mounts and so to the seat and controls. The driver was surrounded by tempered glass, but protected by a four-post ROPS (Roll Over Protection System) that doubled as cab pillars. The cab was pressurized to keep out dirt. A heater and A/C system were both optional.

When you spend 10 to 12 hours a day grinding over rough, exceedingly boring ground, comfort is important and the Sound-Gard delivered in that department. You could buy a Gen II tractor without a cab in this era, but you don’t see many. The Sound-Gard cab made believers out of many die-hard farmers.

Subscribe Our Weekly Newsletter

The Generation II tractors brought more to the table than a great cab. The entire line was revised and a few new models were introduced as well. Another notable styling change was the new sloping hood, which offered better visibility and a more timely look. Most of the tractors got new designations along with the other improvements and that brings us to the 100-plus horsepower 46 Series tractors, but we need to go back a couple of years to set the stage.

The John Deere 404-cid diesel is one of those legendary engines that every manufacturer prays for. Its 381-cid ancestor had debuted with the New Generation tractors in 1960 but by 1963 had been uprated to 404 cid. It would also become Deere’s first turbocharged tractor engine in the 4520 for 1969, as well as the first JD turbo/intercooled engine in 1971 when fitted to the 4620. The 4630 debuted with some tuning improvements and a larger/different air-to-coolant intercooler that boosted power to 150 hp. The 404 would soldier on with John Deere into the 1980s and several other engines were based upon it.

Deere introduced its first turbocharged tractor in 1969, the 4520 (see the March, 2013 issue Tractor Talk). Cranking out 120 PTO ponies, the 4520 was a timely addition to the 100-plus hp tractor market. It had a few teething issues, one of the few notable John Deere faux pas. They upped the ante in 1971 with the 4620, which added an intercooler (among other improvements) to the turbocharged 404-cid diesel giving it a 135-hp output. For the Gen II era, JD introduced the 4630, which made 150 hp from a more finely tuned 404. Optional transmissions included the tried and true Synchro-Range manual unit, the equally tried and true Power-Shift and the new Quad-Range. Qua- Range combined a Synchro-Shift with a hydraulically operated hi-low range to further split gears. A new Category 3N hitch was offered that allowed both Cat 2 and 3 implements to be used.

The 4630 was offered from 1973 into 1977 and replaced by the slightly upgraded 4640 that year. It was a good tractor. Strike that… it was a great tractor in terms of quality and design, but it had a weak link. It was too powerful for rear drive only. The 1970s was the era when power began to exceed the tractive abilities of what had been the standard rear drive layout for decades. Duals and ballast notwithstanding, it was still difficult to get a 150-hp tractor to put all that power to the ground. It was no accident that as the Gen II tractors debuted, John Deere was seriously pushing MFWD and four-wheel-drive tractors as primary tillage tractors and the 4630 would be offered this way as well. Two-wheel-drive tractors were fine for utility and PTO work, but the big tillage implements needed an extra driving axle and that was that. In many ways, you could think of the 4630 as one of the last of the old school big power tractors. DW

The final drive on the 4630 was definitely up to the task. This one mounts the Synchro-Range transmission, which Northwest Tractor Sales Rep Joe Fruchey says is unusual. He said that the Power-Shift or Quad-Range tractors are most common and popular. New for the Gen II tractors was an updated three-point setup that allowed for the use of both Cat 2 and Cat 3 equipment.

The 4630s were pretty nice inside and the visibility in the new Sound-Gard cab was, and is, superb. The controls are well placed, this era being the beginning of the time when driver comfort was a serious consideration. This tractor has endured many years of hard use and Northwest hadn’t finished the detailing so we aren’t giving you the full interior view.

SOURCE:

Northwest Tractor, Ottawa, Ohio

419.538.7072

Findlay-IMP.com

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What unexpected problem arose from the quietness of the new tractor cab, and how was it addressed?

The surprising tranquility of the new Sound-Gard tractor cab led to an unforeseen issue: operators began reporting a rougher ride experience. This puzzled engineers who had designed the cab to offer an exceptionally smooth ride.

To investigate, they looked into a similar situation faced by GMC. In an experiment, drivers adjusted a knob in a test vehicle, believing it controlled seat comfort when, in fact, it only altered interior noise levels. Consistently, drivers equated increased noise with improved comfort because the added noise captured more of their attention, detracting focus from minor physical sensations.

With the tractor cabs, the reduced noise allowed operators to become more aware of the physical feel of the ride, previously masked by sound. Instead of compromising the quiet atmosphere of the cab, the solution was to provide operators the ability to make personal adjustments to their comfort settings, ensuring satisfaction without increasing noise levels.

How were the new engines tested, and what concerns existed regarding competitor awareness?

The new engines underwent rigorous testing using a dynamometer, which is a device that measures force, torque, or power. During this process, the exhaust produced by the engines was directed outside through the building’s roof. A major concern during these tests was the potential for competitors to discover and capitalize on the project details. This anxiety stemmed from the distinct sound of the engines being tested, which was noticeably different from that of traditional single-cylinder engines. However, it appeared that no industrial espionage activities took place, and no competitors managed to gather information by eavesdropping on the testing site.

How did the engineers overcome the time-consuming process of gear design before computerization?

Breaking Barriers in Gear Design: The Dawn of Computerization

Before the advent of computerization, designing gears was a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. Engineers faced the challenge of meticulously crafting each gear design by hand, which required extensive calculations and adjustments. This method, while effective, was far from efficient.

One innovative engineer sought to revolutionize this method. After putting in long hours at his regular job, he dedicated his nights to exploring new technologies. He traveled three hours to his company’s headquarters in Moline, Illinois, with a singular mission: to determine if computers could streamline the gear design process.

His relentless pursuit paid off. By applying early computer technology, he discovered that tasks taking hours could now be accomplished in just 15 minutes. This breakthrough was a revolutionary step, marking the creation of the first computer program for gear design. This innovation not only drastically reduced the time needed for gear design but also set a precedent for incorporating computers into engineering.

Through his pioneering efforts, the engineer demonstrated that computerization could transform laborious tasks into efficient, swift processes—forever changing the landscape of engineering design.

How long did the development of the “New Generation” tractors take, and why was it considered a significant feat?

The development of the “New Generation” tractors took an impressive seven years. While this might sound like a lengthy period, it was actually a remarkable achievement. Designing and producing a completely new line of tractors involves intricate engineering, rigorous testing, and substantial innovation. This timeline highlights the dedication and expertise required to bring advanced agricultural machinery to market.

How did Deere & Company collaborate with Frigidaire to improve the air conditioning unit for tractor cabs?

Deere & Company embarked on a collaborative journey with Frigidaire to enhance air conditioning units for tractor cabs. Initially, a top engineer from Deere persuaded Frigidaire, a division of General Motors, to supply what was considered the market’s best available unit at that time. However, Frigidaire stipulated that no alterations could be made to their units.

Despite this restriction, Deere encountered significant issues during testing; vibration and dust severely impacted the air conditioners after roughly 200 hours of operation. Undeterred, Deere engineers dedicated over two years to developing an innovative seal and bearing solution that effectively addressed these problems.

In a pivotal moment of transparency, Deere informed Frigidaire of the modifications they had implemented. Rather than severing ties, as initially feared, Frigidaire embraced the alterations. This collaboration not only improved the product but also led to the changes becoming a new standard within the automotive industry.

What challenges did Deere & Company face in achieving standardization across international tractor manufacturing?

Challenges in Achieving Standardization Across International Tractor Manufacturing

Deere & Company faced significant hurdles in their quest for international standardization in tractor manufacturing. In the early days, one of the primary issues was the lack of uniformity across different countries. Each region, driven by diverse market demands and production capabilities, resulted in varied tractor designs and specifications.

Lack of Standardization

Manufacturing tractors in different countries came with the complexity of differing standards, leading to inconsistencies. This disparity made it difficult for factories worldwide to collaborate effectively, as there was no common blueprint to follow. As a consequence, there was no streamlined process for unifying tractor parts across the globe.

Blueprint and Manufacturing Challenges

Another significant challenge was the difficulty of producing parts on a global scale using U.S.-specific blueprints. Factories located outside the United States found it cumbersome to translate and adapt American design plans into parts that could be manufactured with the same precision.

The New Generation Shift

To overcome these challenges, a transformative approach was needed. Deere & Company introduced the concept of the New Generation tractor—a universal design intended to meet worldwide needs. This initiative marked a pivotal shift in their manufacturing strategy. By developing a standardized design platform, they enabled any of their factories worldwide to produce parts seamlessly, regardless of location.

In summary, Deere & Company’s strides towards global standardization necessitated overcoming challenges related to inconsistent designs and complex cross-border manufacturing logistics. Through innovation and strategic change, they laid the groundwork for a more cohesive and efficient production model.

Why did companies start to focus on styling?

Companies began to prioritize styling due to research indicating its influence on buyer decisions, especially when other product attributes were evenly matched.

What role did external influences, such as family members, play in purchasing decisions?

The presence of a spouse during the purchasing process could significantly sway the decision towards selecting a tractor with better aesthetics.

Why was the introduction considered groundbreaking?

The introduction was groundbreaking because it introduced truly revolutionary advancements in tractor design, setting them apart from previous evolutionary updates.

What was the nature of the change introduced by the “New Generation” tractors?

The “New Generation” tractors marked a significant shift, characterized by groundbreaking innovations rather than gradual modifications seen in earlier models.

What were some of the innovative features of the operator’s platform in the New Generation tractors?

Innovative Features of the Operator’s Platform in New Generation Tractors

The New Generation tractors boasted a revolutionary operator’s platform, setting them apart from competitors. Among the standout features was a uniquely designed seat, offering unparalleled comfort and support that was absent in other tractors at the time.

Additionally, the platform was engineered with ergonomics in mind, ensuring that controls were within easy reach to enhance operability. This design minimized driver fatigue during long hours of work.

Enhanced Visibility:Operators enjoyed improved sightlines for increased safety and precision.
Advanced Instrumentation:A state-of-the-art control panel allowed for intuitive operation and monitoring.
Noise Reduction:The platform was optimized to decrease noise levels, ensuring a quieter cab experience.

These features collectively transformed the farming experience, significantly boosting efficiency and comfort for users.

How did the hydraulic system of the New Generation tractors compare to competitive models?

The hydraulic system of the New Generation tractors outclassed its competitors by delivering significantly higher performance. While most competitive models offered between 10 to 15 gallons per minute (gpm) at pressures of 800 to 1,000 pounds per square inch (psi), the New Generation tractors pushed these boundaries.

Their advanced hydraulic system produced an impressive 20 gpm at an elevated pressure of 2,000 psi. This technological leap empowered the tractors with a closed-center hydraulic system, a design that maximizes efficiency by delivering power only when needed.

In terms of engine power, the New Generation tractors set a new standard by using merely 1½ horsepower (hp) from the engine for hydraulic operations. This was considered remarkably economical and efficient at the time, contributing to the system’s superior performance and setting a benchmark for tractors over 80 hp.

How many new models and configurations were developed for the New Generation tractors?

A remarkable development in the New Generation tractors saw the introduction of no fewer than five new models. These models were crafted in a diverse range of configurations to meet various agricultural needs. In total, up to 13 different configurations were available, catering to specialized purposes such as row-crop, utility, high-crop, orchard, industrial, and even crawler types. Additionally, these configurations could be equipped with engines running on gas, diesel, or LP gas.

What was unique about the development process of the New Generation tractors?

What Made the Development of the New Generation Tractors Unique?

The development of the New Generation tractors was nothing short of revolutionary, setting a distinct benchmark in the industry. While most model upgrades only tweak existing components slightly, this overhaul was different. Over 95% of the parts in these tractors were entirely new, a rare feat in itself.

Rigorous and Costly Innovation

The stakes were high for the design team, led by Hansen, as they were tasked not just to match the competition but to redefine industry standards. This ambitious goal came with immense challenges, including a significant financial investment. The redesign of the manufacturing process alone, especially for the new engines, incurred costs equivalent to about $70 million today.

Intensive Design and Testing Process

Creating each new part involved a meticulous cycle: design, engineering, fabrication, and a relentless series of testing and modifications. Each component underwent a rigorous validation process before passing the scrutiny of both prototype and manufacturing engineers. This ensured that every part was not only innovative but also feasible for production.

Versatile Model Range

Moreover, the team was simultaneously developing no less than five distinct models, each catering to a diverse range of applications. From row-crop to utility, high-crop, orchard, industrial, and even crawler versions, the flexibility was unprecedented. In total, up to 13 configurations were made available, all offering the choice of gas, diesel, or LP gas engines.

The unique blend of extensive innovation, rigorous testing, and versatile offerings distinguished the New Generation tractors from any other development process in the industry.

How extensive were the changes in the New Generation tractor parts compared to previous upgrades?

When John Deere debuted what the company called the “Next Generation of Tractors” in 1960, the transition from the long-stroke, two-cylinder tractors was dramatic in the extreme. Over 95% of the parts were completely new, marking a significant leap forward in engineering and design. This wasn’t just about catching up with competitors; it was about surpassing all marketplace standards, setting a new bar for innovation in the industry.

The redesign was a costly venture, with the price of changing the manufacturing lines to produce the new engines alone carrying a price tag of around $70 million in today’s dollars. This substantial investment underscored the company’s commitment to maintaining its leadership in tractor technology.

When the Generation II tractors debuted in August 1972, it wasn’t quite so dramatic, but a big leap ahead in many ways. As it did in 1960, the debut would keep John Deere at the forefront of tractor sales and technology for many years to come. The ongoing evolution ensured that the brand remained synonymous with cutting-edge agricultural machinery, continually pushing the boundaries of what tractors could achieve.

What was the historical significance of the decision to replace two-cylinder tractors in 1953?

The Historical Significance of Replacing Two-Cylinder Tractors in 1953

In 1953, a transformative decision was made that would reshape the agricultural machinery landscape—a move to replace outdated two-cylinder tractors. This shift represented a pivotal moment in agricultural history, laying the groundwork for heightened efficiency and productivity on farms.

The End of an Era and the Start of Innovation

Outdated Mechanisms: The two-cylinder tractors had long been staples on farms but were becoming increasingly obsolete in the face of technological advances. The decision to phase them out signaled a commitment to embracing innovation and modern engineering.
Emphasis on Efficiency: By opting for more advanced machinery, farmers could manage larger tracts of land with less fuel and maintenance. This shift was crucial for keeping pace with the growing demands of post-war agriculture as economies expanded globally.

Secretive Developments and Technological Advancements

Secrecy and Strategic Planning: The transition was shrouded in secrecy, reminiscent of high-stakes government projects. This underscores the strategic importance of the new developments to maintain competitive advantages and drive the farming industry forward.
Technological Leap: The new generation of tractors featured multi-cylinder engines, providing more power and versatility. This leap in technology allowed for the integration of more sophisticated equipment, ultimately revolutionizing agricultural practices.

As a result, the 1953 decision was not merely a technical upgrade; it was a catalyst for change that impacted farming efficiency, boosted productivity, and set a new standard in agricultural machinery. This marked the beginning of a modern era in farming, enhancing food production capabilities to meet the demands of a rapidly growing population.

How did the sales of the new tractor cabs exceed initial marketing expectations?

The demand for the new tractor cabs far surpassed what marketing initially anticipated. Initially, production was set up to manufacture cabs at a rate equivalent to just 15% of total tractor sales. This was based on the assumption that only a limited number of buyers would choose the added feature.

However, the reality was quite different. From the outset, half of the customers opted for these cabs, indicating a significant misjudgment in sales predictions. As word spread about the benefits and comfort these cabs provided, the demand continued to rise, with 75% of purchasers eventually requesting them. This unexpected surge demonstrated a clear underestimation of consumer interest and highlighted the appeal of enhanced tractor functionality.

What were the challenges and solutions in designing the center line dimensions of the tractor engines?

Challenges and Solutions in Designing Center Line Dimensions for Tractor Engines

Challenges

Precision Requirement: Designing the center line dimensions demanded extreme precision. Any error in measurement could lead to significant financial losses, estimated at $70 million in current dollars, along with delays extending over several months.
Long-Term Impact: The dimensions needed to be robust enough to endure the test of time, influencing not just immediate production but future generations of tractor engines.

Solutions

Advanced Engineering Techniques: The engineering team employed cutting-edge design methods to ensure accuracy in determining the center line dimensions. This involved meticulous calculations and verification processes.
Standardization: By establishing precise, standardized measurements for the center lines, the engineers created a framework that continues to serve the needs of modern tractor engines, highlighting the enduring quality of their work.

Through a combination of innovative engineering and strategic foresight, the team overcame the challenges, laying a foundation that remains integral to current engine designs.

What humorous incident led to the repositioning of a PTO control lever on the tractors?

A humorous incident that led to the repositioning of a PTO control lever on tractors involved a rather unexpected wardrobe mishap. Initially, the lever was positioned on the left side, near the console and was designed with a slight curve to accommodate the driver’s hand comfortably. Everything seemed perfect until one day, a company executive decided to dismount the tractor from the left side. Unfortunately, his suit coat became snagged on the protruding lever. This snag was so severe that it ripped the coat all the way up to the collar. The engineers took this comedic catastrophe as a strong hint to reconsider the lever’s placement, ensuring future operators could avoid similar fashion fiascos.

Who was Dr. Janet Travell, and what was her contribution to the New Generation tractors?

Dr. Janet Travell was an influential ergonomics consultant who played a key role in the development of the modern tractor seat, significantly contributing to the advancements seen in New Generation tractors. Her work centered around designing seats that prioritized comfort and efficiency, helping farmers operate tractors for extended periods without discomfort.

Beyond her contributions to agricultural machinery, Dr. Travell gained national attention as the personal physician to President John F. Kennedy. She famously installed a rocking chair in the Oval Office as a therapeutic measure to alleviate the President’s chronic back pain. Her dual influence in both ergonomics and presidential health care marked her as a pivotal figure in her fields.

How did ergonomics influence the design of tractor seats for the New Generation tractors?

Among the standout features was a uniquely designed seat, offering unparalleled comfort and support that was absent in other tractors at the time. Additionally, the platform was engineered with ergonomics in mind, ensuring that controls were within easy reach to enhance operability. This design minimized driver fatigue during long hours of work.

The innovative ergonomic design was significantly influenced by Dr. Janet Travell, a renowned ergonomics consultant. Her expertise in human-centered design principles was crucial in crafting a seat that prioritized the operator’s comfort and efficiency.

Dr. Travell’s influence extended beyond the agricultural field. She gained national recognition as the personal physician to President John F. Kennedy, where her ergonomic insights were applied to the famous rocking chair in the Oval Office, designed to alleviate the President’s back pain. This connection underscores the depth of her understanding of ergonomics and its practical applications.

Together, these elements of ergonomic design set a new standard for operator comfort and efficiency, demonstrating the profound impact of expert insights on industrial advancements.

What is the historical context surrounding the ergonomic design?

The ergonomic advancements were part of the New Generation tractors, which were introduced shortly before Dr. Travell became widely recognized for her medical role with President Kennedy, illustrating a period of innovation and public interest in ergonomics.

What other notable work did Dr. Janet Travell do that relates to ergonomics?

She was instrumental in installing a rocking chair in the Oval Office, designed to alleviate President Kennedy’s back pain, highlighting her practical approach to ergonomic solutions.

What was the significance of Dr. Janet Travell’s contribution?

Dr. Travell’s work gained significant attention as she became the personal physician to President John F. Kennedy, showcasing her expertise beyond tractor design.

Who was responsible for the ergonomic design of the modern tractor seat?

The ergonomic design was developed by Dr. Janet Travell, an ergonomics consultant.

What role did styling play in the marketing of New Generation tractors, and how did it influence consumer decisions?

Why did companies start to focus on styling?

Companies began to prioritize styling due to research indicating its influence on buyer decisions, especially when other product attributes were evenly matched. For the first time, styling received more than lip service, signaling a pivotal shift in marketing strategies.

Research showed that when two competing makes of tractors were equal in price, performance, and serviceability, potential buyers leaned towards the better-looking option. This trend was particularly noticeable when the buyer’s spouse accompanied them, adding an important social element to the purchasing decision.

By understanding these dynamics, companies recognized that aesthetic appeal could be a decisive factor, effectively turning styling into a competitive advantage. This insight drove manufacturers to innovate in design, ensuring their products not only performed well but also captured attention visually.

How did social dynamics, like the presence of a spouse, impact purchasing decisions?

The presence of a spouse, particularly a wife, increased the likelihood of choosing the more visually appealing product, highlighting social influence in purchasing decisions.

What specific consumer behavior influenced the decision to prioritize styling?

Consumer behavior indicated that when evaluating similar products, potential buyers preferred the more aesthetically pleasing option.

Why did companies start focusing on styling?

Companies started focusing on styling because research showed it influenced buyer decisions when price, performance, and serviceability were similar.

What marked the shift in how much attention companies paid to styling?

The shift occurred when styling began to receive substantial attention rather than being an afterthought, marking a significant change in company priorities.

How did secrecy play a role in the development of the New Generation tractors?

Secrecy was the cornerstone of developing the New Generation tractors, rivaling the clandestine operations of historical significance like the atomic bomb project during WWII. Spanning seven intense years, this covert endeavor was a monumental feat. Key to maintaining secrecy was the choice of a remote, inconspicuous location—a vacant supermarket in Waterloo, Iowa—dubbed the ‘meat market’ by the engineers. This facility was shrouded in mystery, with access granted strictly on a need-to-know basis, even turning away some high-level executives at the door.

Within these walls, the new engines underwent rigorous testing using a dynamometer, a device designed to measure force, torque, or power. During these tests, the exhaust produced by the engines was channeled outside through the building’s roof. A significant concern during this phase was the possibility of competitors overhearing the distinct sound of the engines, which set them apart from traditional single-cylinder engines. However, the fears of industrial espionage were unfounded; competitors failed to gather any intelligence by eavesdropping on the testing site.

This tight-knit circle of secrecy ensured that the development stayed under wraps until its official unveiling, illustrating the extraordinary lengths taken to protect the innovation that would redefine the industry.

What was the code name or insider term used for the project site?

The site was referred to internally as the ‘meat market’ by the engineers involved.

Who had access to the project site?

Access was strictly limited to those deemed necessary, with even some high-ranking executives being denied entry.

Where was the development work conducted?

The initial development work took place in a secluded, vacant supermarket located in Waterloo, Iowa.

How long was the project kept secret?

The project remained confidential for a duration of seven years.

How significant was the secrecy compared to other historical events?

The secrecy was considered as intense as that of the atomic bomb’s development during World War II, indicating a high level of confidentiality.